Additional "Effortful Swallow" Resources
Resource 1:
"The influence of orolingual pressure on the timing of pharyngeal pressure events"
This article contains research data on the influence of orolingual pressure on the timing of pharyngeal pressure by comparing noneffortful dry swallows, effortful dry swallows with tongue-to-palate emphasis, and effortful dry swallows with tongue-to-palate de-emphasis. The effortful swallow tasks showed much earlier onsets and peaks of pharyngeal pressures. The research proved that the effortful swallow involves more driving force and sustainability to propel the bolus into and through the pharynx and then complete bolus clearance.
Steele, C.M. (2007). New rehabilitation research from Toronto Rehabilitation Institute discussed. Life Science Weekly, 3706. Retrieved from www.newsrx.com.
Resource 2:
"Differentiating Effortful and Noneffortful Swallowing with a Neck Force Transducer: Implications for the Development of a Clinical Feedback System"
This study explored whether changes in neck circumference in humans played nay role in effortful versus noneffortful saliva swallows. Twenty-seven healthy adults performed effortful saliva swallowing, saliva swallowing, and control task while data concerning neck and ribcage circumference was collected from the output of force transducers positioned around the neck and ribcage. Results showed that voltage peaks were greater for effortful swallows. The research concluded that this type of data could be used as biofeedback in training dysphagic patients on the effortful swallow maneuver.
Coulas, V.L. (2009). Differentiating Effortful and Noneffortful Swallowing with a Neck Force Transducer: Implications for the Development of a Clinical Feedback System. Dysphagia, 24(1), 7-12. Retreived from Highbeam Research.
Resource 3:
Pharyngeal pressure and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening duration and onset as a function This abstract explains research completed to study the duration of pharyngeal contraction in relation to UES opening changes with effortful swallowing. The results of the study revealed that the upper and lower pharyngeal pressures and upper esophageal sphincter opening was maintained longer with effortful swallow, yet their onsets were delayed compared to normal swallow. Butler, Maggie; Huckabee, Maggie-Lee; Barclay, Murray; Jit, Sarah. (2006, February). Pharyngeal pressure and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening duration and onset as a function. Van Der Veer Institute for Parkinson’s & Brain Research. Retrieved from http://www.hrsc.org.nz.
Resource 4:
Do Dysphagic Patients with an Absent Pharyngeal Swallow Have a Shorter Survival than Dysphagic Patients with Pharyngeal Swallow? Prognostic Importance of a Therapeutic Videoradiographic Swallowing Studay (TVSS) This article studied the survival of, nutrition recommendations for, and therapeutic strategies of two groups of dysphagic patients: one group unabl to elicit the pharyngeal stage of swallow and another group with pharyngeal swallow. It concluded that the patients who were unable to elicit the pharyngeal stage of swallow had a shorter survival time and tube feeding was more frequent. Only 8 out of the 40 patients unable could elicit the pharyngeal swallow at the end of the study. Fewer therapeutic strategies were recommended but diet modification was frequent for the group that could elicit the pharyngeal swallow. Bulow, M., Olsson R., & Ekberg, O. (2005). Do Dysphagic Patients with an Absent Pharyngeal Swallow Have a Shorter Survival than Dysphagic Patients with Pharyngeal Swallow? Prognostic Importance of a Therapeutic Videoradiographic Swallowing Studay (TVSS). Acta Radiologica, 46, 126-131. doi10.1080/02841850510015965
Resource 5:
Strengthening the Swallow By Kathleen Smead, MS, CCC-SLP Speech Language Pathologists use active exercise to treat swallowing and speech disorders. Active exercise with patients can be very beneficial. Resistance exercises should always provide for overload and increase in intensity over time. Examples of resistance exercises are Masako, effortful swallow, and the Shaker exercise. There are now commercial products that use resistance exercise: Ora-Light system, Iowa Performance Instrument, and micro-resistance straws. The IOPI provides measurements of tongue strength and provide both resistance and overload. The straws also provide resistance by working many areas to resist the flow of water. Another example is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Alone, it does not lead to strength gain, but when practiced with resistance training, it can be very successful. Smead, Kathleen. (2008) Strengthening the Swallow. Advance for Speech Language Pathologists and Audiologists. Retrieved from http://www.speech-language-pathology-audiology.com.
Posted by Katherine Duncan